Content

• To step
• Method 1 of 2: Use Ibid for a citation that you repeat immediately
• Method 2 of 2: Using Ibid in a bibliography
• Warnings

Ibid is short for the Latin ibid, which literally translated means "in the same place". In practice it is used when a citation in a list of sources, footnotes or endnotes comes from the same work as the citation before it. This term can make it easier for your readers to see which works you have cited multiple times in your paper or essay. Using Ibid is quite simple, but you have to take into account certain nuances when citing the same or different pages from the same work.

To step

Method 1 of 2: Use Ibid for a citation that you repeat immediately

1. Write "Ibid."If you use exactly the same source several times consecutively. Anytime you quote exactly the same work consecutively within a citation or in two citations, you can change the second time to "Ibid."
   • Suppose you quote "Mike Wilson," A History of Cats (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011), 8. ", and the following citation is exactly the same. You may then replace the second citation with "Ibid."
2. Add a page number if that's the only difference. In cases where only the page number differs, and the work itself is still the same in successive citations, you may replace the second citation with "Ibid., [Page number]."
   • Suppose you have this quote: "Jen Fox, I Love Siamese Cats (New York: Random House, 2000), 9. "If the next citation refers to page 10 of the same work, you may replace that citation with" Ibid., 10. "
3. Stay 'Ibid.Use "if you keep repeating the same source. Simply write "Ibid." If the source quotes after "Ibid." Or "Ibid., [Page number]." Still quoting the same work.
   • Imagine that right after the quote "Mike Wilson, A History of Cats (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011), 8. "Three more citations follow from page 8 of the same work. You may then replace all citations after the first with "Ibid."
   • If, after the citation "Ibid, 10." of Fox's book, there is another citation from page 10 of that book, you may simply write "Ibid."
4. Only use Ibid to refer to one work. For example, if you are referring to the Wilson and Fox books in both footnote 21 and footnote 22, you should not simply replace footnote 22 with "Ibid." Ibid (with or without page number) always refers to a single work.
   • However, if footnote 21 were to refer to Wilson and Fox (in that order), and footnote 22 to Fox and Wilson (in that order), you could start footnote 22 with `` Ibid. '' Since you are referring to Fox's book. repeats immediately.

Method 2 of 2: Using Ibid in a bibliography

1. Consult your style guide to create a bibliography. Use the style guide provided by your teacher to compile a list of consulted works for your essay or paper. This list usually has its own page at the end of the essay. Here you put all the sources that you have used for quotations and other materials in your work.
   • A book citation in your bibliography might look something like this, depending on your style guide: "Mike Wilson, A History of Cats (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011), 8. "
   • Examples of popular style guides include the Chicago Manual of Style, the Turabian Citation Guide, and the AMA Manual of Style.
   • Don't worry about repetitive sources at the beginning; focus on making good citations for each work first.
2. Find primary citations. Look at your list and find the sources that come back often. Highlight every first mention of a repeating source in your list.
   • If a particular source only appears once in your list, you don't have to worry about Ibid; there are no subsequent sources.
3. Use "Ibid."Or" Ibid., [Page number]. "For successive iterations of primary sources. Look at the citation after your primary citation. If it is the same source, or the same source with a different page number, use a version of Ibid.
   • So suppose you quote "Mike Wilson," A History of Cats (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011), 8. ", and the following citation is exactly the same, you can replace the second citation with" Ibid. "
   • If the citation after the primary source of Wilson's book refers to page 9 instead of page 8, then change the second citation to "Ibid., 9."
4. Make secondary citations for sources that are not repeated consecutively. Find places in your work where citations repeat to the same source, but with different citations in between. In such cases, you can make a secondary citation for the repeats. What such a secondary citation looks like depends on your style guide, but can include the author's name, a comma, the page number, and a period, for example.
   • Suppose that between a primary citation to page 8 of Wilson's book and a second identical citation there is an unrelated citation. The second citation then becomes: "Wilson, 8."
   • If the second citation refers to page 9 instead of page 8, then the citation becomes "Wilson, 9."
   • A secondary citation always looks the same, whether it contains one citation or several.
5. Use "Ibid."When secondary citations are repeated consecutively. Replace repeating secondary citations with "Ibid." For additional clarity in your source list. Your source list may then look like this:
   • [Primary citation from Smith's book]
   • Ibid. [for the primary citation]
   • [Primary citation from Wilson's book]
   • [Secondary citation for Smith's book]
   • Ibid. [for the secondary citation]
   • Ibid., 23. [for the secondary citation with a different page number]

Warnings

• Never use Ibid for a primary citation that refers to multiple sources.
• You can also use Ibid to refer to websites and (online) articles.