Content

• To step
• Method 1 of 4: Citations according to the author-date style (for natural and social sciences)
• Method 2 of 4: Citations in the style of a bibliography (for the humanities)
• Method 3 of 4: Writing footnotes
• Method 4 of 4: Placing citations in the text
• Tips

If you follow the guidelines of the Chicago Manual of Style To include references, there are two formats you can use. The author-date format is commonly used in the exact and social sciences, while the note-bibliography format is more common in the humanities (literature, history, and the arts).

To step

Method 1 of 4: Citations according to the author-date style (for natural and social sciences)

1. Quoting a book.
   • Zimmer, Gary. 1999. The organic farmer. Amsterdam: The green press.
   • Beckham, Todd, ed. 1951. The Football Chronicles. Amsterdam: The Amsterdam Press.
2. Quoting a chapter from a book.
   • Lowell, Frederick. 2006. "The criminal's brain." In The creative brain, ed. Frank Alden, 101–2. Amsterdam: The Amsterdam Press.
3. Quoting an e-book.
   • Camp, John C. and Alison Norris, eds. 1987. The lawn mowing guide Amsterdam: Green Press. http://greenpress.com/lawnmowing/.
4. Quoting a scientific article (print).
   • Fargo, Peter Paul. 2007. The facts of life. Philosophy 126:450-22.
5. Citing a scientific article (online).
   • Hennessy, Thomas W., Craig W. Hedberg, Laurence Slutsker, Karen E. White, John M. Besser-Wiek, Michael E. Moen, John Feldman, William W. Coleman, Larry M. Edmonson, Kristine L. MacDonald, and Michael T. Osterholm. 2002. A national outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infections from ice cream. The New England Journal of Medicine 287, No. 5 (February 6), http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/334/20/1281.
6. Citing a magazine article.
   • Do, Jane. 2002. What it's like to be the real Jane Doe. " Everyday, 6 May.
7. Quoting a newspaper article.
   • Lachmund, Miles S. 2002. German chef recreates childhood soup for neighbors. New York Times, June 20, Nutrition Division, Midwest edition.
8. Citing a website.
   • Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. Evanston Public Library strategic plan, 2000–2010: A decade of outreach. Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html.

Method 2 of 4: Citations in the style of a bibliography (for the humanities)

1. Quoting a book.
   • Zimmer, Gary. The organic farmer. Amsterdam: The Green Press, 1999.
   • Beckham, Todd, ed. The Football Chronicles. Amsterdam: The Amsterdam Press, 1951.
2. Quoting a chapter from a book.
   • Lowell, Frederick. "The criminal's brain." In The creative brain ", edited by Frank Alden, 101–2. Amsterdam: The Amsterdam Press, 2006.
3. Citing an ebook.
   • Camp, John C. and Alison Norris, eds. The lawn mowing guide (Amsterdam: Groene press, 1987. http://greenpress.com/lawnmowing/. Also available in print and as a CD-ROM.
4. Quoting a scientific article (print).
   • Fargo, Peter Paul. "The Facts of Life." Philosophy 126 (2007):450-22.
5. Citing a scientific article (online).
   • Hennessy, Thomas W., Craig W. Hedberg, Laurence Slutsker, Karen E. White, John M. Besser-Wiek, Michael E. Moen, John Feldman, William W. Coleman, Larry M. Edmonson, Kristine L. MacDonald, and Michael T. Osterholm. "A National Outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis Infections from Ice Cream. " The New England Journal of Medicine 287, No. 5 (February 6, 2002), http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/334/20/1281.
6. Citing a magazine article.
   • Do, Jane. "What it's like to be the real Jane Doe." Everyday, May 6, 2002.
7. Quoting a newspaper article.
   • Lachmund, Miles S. "German Chef Recreates Childhood Soup for Neighbors," New York Times, June 20, 2002, Nutrition Division, Midwest edition.
8. Citing a website.
   • Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. "Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000–2010: A Decade of Outreach." Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (accessed June 1, 2005).

Method 3 of 4: Writing footnotes

1. Writing footnotes for a book.
   • 1. Gary Zimmer, The organic farmer (Amsterdam: The Green Press, 1999), 65.
   • 3. Todd Beckham, ed., The Football Chronicles (Amsterdam: University Press, 1951), 91–92.
2. Writing footnotes for a chapter of a book.
   • 5. Frederick Lowell, "The Thug's Ghost," in The criminal brain , ed. Frank Alden (Amsterdam: University Press, 2006), 101–2.
3. Writing footnotes for an ebook.
   • 2. John C. Kamp and Alison Norris, eds., The lawn mowing guide (Amsterdam: Groene pers, 1987), http://greenpress.com/lawnmowing/ (accessed June 27, 2006).
4. Writing footnotes for a scientific article (print).
   • 8. Peter Paul Fargo, "The Facts of Life," Philosophy 126 (2007): 450.
5. Writing footnotes for a scientific article (online).
   • 33. Thomas W. Hennessy et al., "A National Outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis Infections from Ice Cream, " The New England Journal of Medicine 287, No. 5 (2002), http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/334/20/1281.
6. Writing footnotes for a journal article.
   • 29. Jane Doe, "What It's Like to Be the Real Jane Doe." Everyday, May 6, 2002, 84.
7. Writing footnotes for a newspaper article.
   • 10. Miles S. Lachmund, "German Chef Recreates Childhood Soup for Neighbors," New York Times, June 20, 2002, Food section, Midwest edition.
8. Writing footnotes for a website.
   • 11. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000–2010: A Decade of Outreach,” Evanston Public Library, http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html.

Method 4 of 4: Placing citations in the text

1. Place a reference next to each text you have quoted. Don't forget to include a citation or you could be accused of plagiarism. This can have serious consequences for a student or scientist, from getting a bad grade to the end of your career.
2. Place the citations in author-date order. Include the surname and the date of publication in brackets. If it is a quote, add the page number after the comma. If the author is already mentioned in the text, only put the year and page number in parentheses. If there are two or more authors, list them both with the word "and" or "and" in between. Use a comma to distinguish co-authors. Include the citation before a punctuation mark.
   • E.g. Growing grass increases the amount of organic material by 15% in 10 years (Alison 1993).
3. Include citations in the note-bibliography format. Include a superscript number at the end of the quote to indicate which source it came from. Even though you keep referring to the same source, it gets a new number every time.Start on each page with a new reference number, from 1. You will have to cite the source as a footnote at the bottom of the page and then include it in the bibliography, at the end of the text, thesis, or paper.
   • E.g. Growing grass increases the amount of organic material by 15% in 10 years.

Tips

• If there are multiple authors, list the names of the other authors after the first, in normal order (first name, last name).